Progress in proton‐conducting oxides as electrolytes for low‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells: From materials to devices

Among various types of alternative energy devices, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operating at low temperatures (300-600°C) show the advantages for both stationary and mobile electricity production. Proton-conducting oxides as electrolyte materials play a critical role in low-temperature SOFCs (LT-SOFCs). This review summarizes progress proton-conducting electrolytes LT-SOFCs from to with emphases on (1) strategies that have been proposed tune structures properties ceramics, (2) techniques employed improving performance protonic ceramic-based (known PCFCs), (3) challenges opportunities development electrolyte-based PCFCs.